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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">3033-5965</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Транспорт и информационные технологии</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Transportation and Information Technologies in Russia</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Science and Innovation Center Publishing House</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12731/3033-5965-2026-16-1-417</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">OCSHYU</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://ijournal-as.com/jour/index.php/ijas/article/view/417</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Предиктивное обслуживание электропривода на основе IIoT и Random Forest</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Predictive maintenance of electric drives based on IIoT and Random Forest</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Сафиуллин</surname>
            <given-names>Рамиль Наилевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Сафиуллин</surname>
              <given-names>Рамиль Наилевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Safiullin</surname>
              <given-names>Ramil N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>r.safullin@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7425-6434</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Исавнин</surname>
            <given-names>Алексей Геннадьевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Исавнин</surname>
              <given-names>Алексей Геннадьевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Isavnin</surname>
              <given-names>Alexey G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>isavnin@mail.ru</email>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6413-3329</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6603223931</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">M-7336-2015</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный энергетический университет (Казань, Российская Федерация)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Power Engineering University (Kazan, Russian Federation)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Набережночелнинский институт (филиал) Казанского федерального университета (Набережные Челны, Российская Федерация)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Naberezhnye Chelny Institute (Naberezhnye Chelny, Russian Federation)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-16">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>150</fpage>
      <lpage>172</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-02">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-09">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сафиуллин, Р. Н., &amp; Исавнин, А. Г.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Safiullin, R. N., &amp; Isavnin, A. G.</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">
          <license-p>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://ijournal-as.com/jour/index.php/ijas/article/view/417">https://ijournal-as.com/jour/index.php/ijas/article/view/417</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Обоснование. В условиях роста парка электротранспорта и повышения требований к его надежности актуальной становится задача перехода от регламентного обслуживания к предиктивному, основанному на фактическом состоянии узлов. Силовой электропривод является критическим компонентом, отказ которого приводит к значительным экономическим потерям и снижению безопасности. Использование технологий промышленного интернета вещей (IIoT) открывает возможности для непрерывного мониторинга параметров электропривода в реальном времени, а методы машинного обучения позволяют выявлять предвестники отказов на ранних стадиях.


Цель – разработка и экспериментальная апробация метода предиктивного обслуживания силового электропривода автомобиля на основе данных IIoT и алгоритма Random Forest, обеспечивающего своевременное обнаружение развивающихся дефектов.


Материалы и методы. Исследование базируется на данных, полученных в ходе 24-месячной эксплуатации парка из 32 коммерческих электромобилей, оснащенных дополнительной IIoT-платформой с высокочастотными датчиками вибрации, температуры и тока. Применены методы цифровой фильтрации, спектрального и вейвлет-анализа для выделения диагностических признаков. Для классификации состояний электропривода использован алгоритм Random Forest с оптимизацией гиперпараметров методом GridSearchCV. Оценка эффективности проводилась на стратифицированной тестовой выборке с расчетом метрик precision, recall, F1-score и ROC-AUC.


Результаты. Разработанная модель Random Forest продемонстрировала высокую эффективность обнаружения предотказных состояний: F1-score для класса «развивающийся дефект» составил 0,876 при полноте (recall) 0,861. Сравнительный анализ показал преимущество Random Forest перед XGBoost, SVM и 1D CNN по совокупности критериев точности, интерпретируемости и устойчивости к шумам. Установлено, что модель статистически значимо лучше детектирует дефекты подшипников по сравнению с межвитковыми замыканиями, что согласуется с физикой процессов. Проведен анализ важности признаков, позволивший идентифицировать ключевые индикаторы деградации компонентов электропривода.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Background. With the growing fleet of electric vehicles and increasing demands for their reliability, the task of transitioning from scheduled maintenance to predictive maintenance based on actual component condition becomes urgent. The electric powertrain is a critical component whose failure leads to significant economic losses and reduced safety. The use of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies enables continuous real-time monitoring of electric drive parameters, while machine learning methods allow early detection of failure precursors.


Purpose. Development and experimental validation of a method for predictive maintenance of automotive electric drives based on IIoT data and the Random Forest algorithm, ensuring timely detection of developing defects.


Materials and methods. The study is based on data obtained during 24 months of operation of a fleet of 32 commercial electric vehicles equipped with an additional IIoT platform featuring high-frequency vibration, temperature, and current sensors. Digital filtering, spectral, and wavelet analysis methods were applied to extract diagnostic features. The Random Forest algorithm with hyperparameter optimization using GridSearchCV was used for electric drive state classification. Performance evaluation was conducted on a stratified test set using precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC metrics.


Results. The developed Random Forest model demonstrated high effectiveness in detecting pre-failure conditions: the F1-score for the "developing defect" class was 0.876 with a recall of 0.861. Comparative analysis showed the advantage of Random Forest over XGBoost, SVM, and 1D CNN in terms of accuracy, interpretability, and noise robustness. The model was found to statistically significantly better detect bearing defects compared to interturn short circuits, which is consistent with the physics of the processes. Feature importance analysis was performed, identifying key indicators of electric drive component degradation.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>предиктивное обслуживание</kwd>
        <kwd>силовой электропривод</kwd>
        <kwd>IIoT</kwd>
        <kwd>Random Forest</kwd>
        <kwd>машинное обучение</kwd>
        <kwd>диагностика электромобилей</kwd>
        <kwd>анализ вибрации</kwd>
        <kwd>обнаружение отказов</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>predictive maintenance</kwd>
        <kwd>electric drive</kwd>
        <kwd>IIoT</kwd>
        <kwd>Random Forest</kwd>
        <kwd>machine learning</kwd>
        <kwd>electric vehicle diagnostics</kwd>
        <kwd>vibration analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>fault detection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
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